Nem Raj Sunda Agronomy Quiz
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Agronomy Set No.1
1. S1: Harvest Index (H.I.) is also known as the Coefficient of Effectiveness. S2: The formula for Coefficient of Effectiveness is (Sink / Source) x 100.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. The Harvest Index (H.I.) measures the efficiency of a plant in converting biomass into economic yield. It's also called the Coefficient of Effectiveness. The formula is the ratio of economic yield (the "sink," e.g., grain) to the total biological yield (the "source," e.g., total plant matter), expressed as a percentage.
2. What are the uses of 2,4-D in agriculture?
Explanation: 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is versatile. It is a synthetic auxin (a class of plant hormones) that, at very low concentrations, promotes growth. At higher concentrations, it acts as a selective systemic herbicide to control broadleaf weeds.
3. Which of the following is an effect of tillage?
Explanation: Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil. It breaks up compacted layers, which reduces bulk density and increases pore space. This improved soil structure enhances its Water Holding Capacity (W.H.C.) and allows for better water infiltration.
4. Life-saving irrigation is also known as supplemental irrigation. True or False?
Explanation: True. Life-saving or supplemental irrigation refers to the practice of applying a limited amount of water to a rainfed crop during a critical dry spell to prevent total crop failure and ensure a minimal yield.
5. The National Seed Act of India was passed in which year?
Explanation: The Seeds Act, which provides the legislative framework for regulating the quality of seeds sold in India, was passed by the Parliament in 1966. It officially came into force on October 2, 1969.
6. What is the most critical stage for irrigation in wheat?
Explanation: The Crown Root Initiation (CRI) stage, occurring about 21 days after sowing, is the most critical period for irrigation in wheat. Water stress at this stage severely hampers root development and tillering, leading to a significant reduction in yield.
7. S1: Mobileaf is a film-forming anti-transpirant. S2: Atrazine and $CO_2$ also act as effective anti-transpirants.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Mobileaf is a waxy emulsion that creates a physical barrier on the leaf surface to reduce water loss. Atrazine (at low concentrations) and high concentrations of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) induce stomatal closure, which also reduces transpiration.
8. When land is used primarily for growing natural vegetation for the grazing of livestock, it is called:
Explanation: Ranching is an extensive farming system where large areas of land (ranches) are used for grazing livestock, relying on the land's natural forage.
9. Which of the following common agricultural titles is incorrect?
Explanation: Wheat is generally considered the "King of Cereals" due to its wide adaptability, global cultivation area, and high nutritional value. While rice is a staple for more people, wheat holds this title. All other titles are correctly matched.
10. 'Pusa Giant' is a famous variety of which crop(s)?
Explanation: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, has released high-yielding varieties named 'Pusa Giant' for several crops, including Berseem (fodder), Napier grass, and Papaya.
11. The horizontal transfer of heat from a dry, warm surrounding area to a smaller, cooler, irrigated field is known as:
Explanation: This phenomenon is called the Oasis Effect. It is a form of advection (horizontal energy transfer) where sensible heat from the dry surroundings increases the rate of evapotranspiration from the irrigated area, making it act like an oasis in a desert.
12. In which of the following areas does India NOT rank first globally?
Explanation: While India is the world's largest producer of milk and pulses (like chickpea) and has the largest rainfed agricultural area, China is the leading country in total fish production.
13. Tip burn in paddy under submerged conditions is often linked to:
Explanation: Under submerged (anaerobic) conditions, the root activity is hampered. This leads to impeded uptake of nutrients like Calcium and Potassium, which are crucial for cell wall integrity. This nutrient imbalance can manifest as "tip burn" on the leaves.
14. Which statement correctly describes Dryland Farming?
Explanation: Dryland farming is practiced in regions receiving annual rainfall between 750 mm and 1150 mm. The growing season is typically between 110-140 days. Due to higher rainfall intensity compared to arid regions, water erosion is a major constraint.
15. The cultivation of crops that have different growth habits and zero competition between them is known as:
Explanation: Parallel cropping involves growing two crops with different growth patterns (e.g., different rooting depths or canopy structures) simultaneously, such that they do not compete for the same resources and their yields are not reduced.
16. What is the first major product of urea hydrolysis in the soil?
Explanation: In the soil, the enzyme urease rapidly breaks down urea into ammonia ($NH_3$) and carbon dioxide. The ammonia then quickly reacts with water to form ammonium ($NH_4^+$), which can be taken up by plants.
17. Choose the incorrect statement:
Explanation: All the given associations are correct. J.B. Boussingault pioneered field plot experiments, V.V. Dokuchaev is the father of modern soil science (pedology), and M.L. Troug developed key soil testing methods. Therefore, none of the statements are incorrect.
18. Choose the incorrect instrument-measurement pair:
Explanation: A tensiometer is used to measure soil moisture tension. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids. The other pairs are correct.
19. Which of the following "Father of..." pairs is incorrect?
Explanation: Sergei Winogradsky is considered the Father of Soil Microbiology for his pioneering work on chemosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. V.V. Dokuchaev is the Father of Pedology (Soil Science). All other pairs are correct.
20. The relative land area under sole crops required to produce the same yield achieved in intercropping is called:
Explanation: The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is the standard measure for assessing the productivity of an intercropping system. It compares the area needed under sole cropping to produce the same yield as the intercropping mixture. An LER > 1 indicates an advantage.
21. What is the approximate Carbon:Nitrogen (C:N) ratio of stable soil organic matter (humus)?
Explanation: The C:N ratio of well-decomposed soil organic matter, or humus, is relatively stable and narrow, typically averaging around 10:1 to 12:1.
22. Which irrigation method is most suitable for the reclamation of saline soils?
Explanation: Reclaiming saline soils requires leaching (washing) the excess salts out of the root zone. Flooding is the most effective method for this, as it applies a large volume of water to dissolve the salts and carry them downwards, below the root zone.
23. A Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.25 means:
Explanation: An LER of 1.25 means that the intercropping system is 1.25 times more productive than growing the crops separately. This translates to a 25% yield advantage over sole cropping.
24. The book 'Opus Ruralium Commodorum', a comprehensive treatise on agriculture, was written by:
Explanation: Pietro de' Crescenzi, an Italian jurist, wrote this influential work in the early 14th century. It is considered one of the most important agricultural texts of the Middle Ages.
25. Choose the INCORRECT crop and origin pair:
Explanation: The center of origin for rice is considered to be South East Asia (Indo-Burma region). Wheat and Gram originated in South West Asia, and Groundnut originated in Brazil.
26. The concept of Leaf Area Index (LAI) was given by:
Explanation: The concept of Leaf Area Index (LAI), which is the ratio of total leaf area to the ground area, was first proposed by D.J. Watson in 1947 as a measure of a crop's photosynthetic capacity.
27. Which herbicide is typically applied as a Pre-Plant Incorporation (PPI)?
Explanation: Pre-plant incorporation (PPI) means the herbicide is mixed into the soil before planting. Fluchloralin (Basalin) is a classic example of a volatile herbicide that requires PPI to be effective.
28. Which country is often cited as having the highest irrigation efficiency?
Explanation: Israel is globally renowned for its advanced water management and has one of the highest irrigation efficiencies in the world, largely due to the widespread adoption of drip irrigation and other water-saving technologies.
29. Choose the incorrect statement:
Explanation: The edible part of the potato is a tuber, which is a modified underground stem, not a root. All other statements are correct.
30. In a year, if the cropping sequence is Maize - Wheat - Moong, what is the crop rotation intensity?
Explanation: Cropping intensity is calculated as (Number of crops grown in a year / 1) x 100. Since three crops (Maize, Wheat, Moong) are grown on the same piece of land within one year, the intensity is (3/1) x 100 = 300%.
31. Which of the following is an example of an erosion-permitting crop?
Explanation: Erosion-permitting crops are those that are widely spaced and have slow initial growth, leaving the soil exposed for longer periods. Maize, sorghum, and pearl millet are classic examples. Cowpea and groundnut are cover crops that help resist erosion.
32. "Sorghum sickness" refers to the allelopathic effect of sorghum residue on the succeeding crop, primarily by tying up which nutrient?
Explanation: Sorghum residue has a very high C:N ratio. When it decomposes, soil microbes consume large amounts of available soil Nitrogen (N), causing a temporary nitrogen deficiency (immobilization) for the next crop, a condition known as sorghum sickness.
33. What is the maximum permissible limit of biuret in urea for foliar spray?
Explanation: Biuret is toxic to plants, especially when applied directly to foliage. For foliar sprays, the biuret content in urea should not exceed 0.5%. For soil application, the limit is higher, at 1.5%.
34. Which agroforestry system combines agricultural crops, forest trees, and pastures for animal grazing?
Explanation: The term breaks down as: Agri (Crops) + Silvi (Trees) + Pastoral (Pasture/Animals). Therefore, an Agrisilvipastoral system integrates all three components on the same piece of land.
35. S1: There are 17 essential plant nutrients. S2: Arnon and Stout originally proposed 16 essential nutrients.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Arnon and Stout (1939) initially defined the criteria for essentiality and listed 16 nutrients. Later, Nickel (Ni) was added to the list in 1987, bringing the total to 17.
36. Maintaining ecological balance is a fundamental objective of sustainable agriculture. True or False?
Explanation: True. Sustainable agriculture is defined by three core objectives: environmental health (ecological balance), economic profitability, and social equity. Therefore, maintaining ecological balance is a primary goal.
37. Bench terracing is a soil conservation measure usually practiced on slopes ranging from:
Explanation: Bench terracing involves converting steep slopes into a series of level or nearly level steps. It is an intensive mechanical measure suitable for very steep slopes, typically in the range of 16-33%.
38. The growing of agricultural crops along with forest trees is known as:
Explanation: Agri-silviculture is the agroforestry system where agricultural crops (Agri) are grown in combination with forest trees (Silvi). A silvopastoral system combines trees and pastures for animals.
39. S1: Anti-transpirants can also reduce photosynthesis. S2: About 60-70% of rainfall in India is lost through evaporation.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Anti-transpirants that cause stomatal closure also reduce the intake of $CO_2$, thereby reducing photosynthesis. It is also estimated that a large portion of India's rainfall (around 70%) is lost to evapotranspiration before it can be used effectively.
40. Choose the correct scientist-concept pair:
Explanation: All the pairs are correct. Justus von Liebig proposed the Law of the Minimum, F.F. Blackman proposed the Law of Limiting Factors for photosynthesis, and D.J. Watson proposed the concept of Leaf Area Index.
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Agronomy Set No.2
41. What does a lower IW/CPE ratio indicate?
Explanation: The IW/CPE ratio compares the amount of Irrigation Water (IW) applied to the Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). A lower ratio means less irrigation water is being applied relative to the evaporative demand, indicating the crop is under more water stress.
42. Lines on a map connecting points of equal amounts of rainfall are called:
Explanation: Isohyets (from Greek 'iso' meaning equal and 'hyetos' meaning rain) are lines drawn on a map connecting points that receive the same amount of precipitation during a given period.
43. If the depth of irrigation water (IW) to be applied is 5 cm and the IW/CPE ratio is 0.5, what is the Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE) value?
Explanation: The formula is IW/CPE = 0.5. Given IW = 5 cm (or 50 mm). So, 50 mm / CPE = 0.5. Rearranging the formula, CPE = 50 mm / 0.5 = 100 mm.
44. Thornthwaite's climate classification was based on all of the following EXCEPT:
Explanation: Thornthwaite's 1931 and 1948 climate classification systems are based on indices of precipitation effectiveness, thermal efficiency, and the seasonal concentration of precipitation, but not explicitly on the "number of humid months" as a direct parameter.
45. Choose the correct statement about the ozone layer:
Explanation: Both statements are correct. The vast majority (about 90%) of atmospheric ozone is found in the stratosphere, forming the ozone layer. Its peak concentration occurs at an altitude of approximately 20 to 25 km.
46. Graded bunding is a soil conservation practice mostly used in areas with annual rainfall:
Explanation: Graded bunds (or channel terraces) are constructed with a gentle grade to safely guide excess runoff out of the field. This practice is necessary in areas of high rainfall (generally more than 600 mm annually) where contour bunds would be overtopped.
47. Mulching is an important agronomic practice to conserve:
Explanation: Mulching provides a protective cover on the soil surface. This helps conserve soil moisture by reducing evaporation, protects the soil from wind and water erosion, and moderates soil temperature.
48. S1: A maximum thermometer is filled with alcohol. S2: A minimum thermometer is filled with mercury.
Explanation: Both statements are incorrect. It's the other way around: a maximum thermometer is filled with mercury, and a minimum thermometer is filled with alcohol.
49. The word "Monsoon" is derived from the Arabic word 'mausim', which means:
Explanation: The word "monsoon" comes from the Arabic word 'mausim', which means season. It refers to the seasonal reversal of wind patterns, which brings distinct wet and dry seasons.
50. What is the term for the ratio of reflected solar radiation to the total incoming solar radiation?
Explanation: Albedo is the measure of the reflectivity of a surface. It is the ratio (or percentage) of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface to the amount that is incident upon it.
51. S1: The recommended IW/CPE ratio for Safflower is 0.4. S2: The most critical stage for irrigation in Safflower is flower initiation.
Explanation: Both statements are generally correct for Safflower cultivation. It is a drought-tolerant crop with a low water requirement (IW/CPE ratio of 0.4), and the flowering/rosette to flowering stage is the most sensitive to water stress.
52. Which irrigation method is most suitable for providing protection to plants against frost?
Explanation: Sprinkler irrigation can protect crops from frost. When water from the sprinkler freezes on the plant surfaces, it releases latent heat (heat of fusion), which keeps the plant tissue temperature at or near 0°C, preventing frost damage.
53. Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the troposphere:
Explanation: All statements are correct. The troposphere is the lowest atmospheric layer, containing most of the atmosphere's mass and weather. Its height varies from about 8 km at the poles to 18 km at the equator.
54. Agronomic measures for soil and water conservation are generally effective on land slopes of:
Explanation: Agronomic measures like contour cultivation, strip cropping, and mulching are most effective on gentle slopes, specifically those less than 2%. On steeper slopes, mechanical measures like terracing are required.
55. The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) is approximately:
Explanation: The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate is the rate at which a parcel of unsaturated ("dry") air cools as it rises through the atmosphere. This rate is constant at about 9.8°C per 1000 meters, which is approximately 10 °C/km.
56. According to Thornthwaite's Moisture Deficit Index (MDI), a value between -33.3 and -66.6 represents which type of climate?
Explanation: In Thornthwaite's classification, the Moisture Deficit Index (MDI) indicates the level of water scarcity. A value in the range of -33.3 to -66.6 corresponds to a Semi-arid climate. Values below -66.7 are considered Arid.
57. Choose the correct instrument-measurement pair:
Explanation: A Potometer is a device used to measure the rate of water uptake by a leafy shoot, which is assumed to be directly related to the rate of transpiration. The other pairs are incorrect: Pyranometer measures total (global) solar radiation, a Pycnometer measures specific gravity, and a Pyrheliometer measures direct beam solar radiation.
58. S1: Vertical mulching is mostly practiced in coffee gardens. S2: Vertical mulching is mostly used in sandy soil. Which statement is correct?
Explanation: Vertical mulching, where trenches are dug and filled with organic material, is indeed a common practice in sloped areas like coffee gardens to improve water infiltration (S1 is correct). However, it is most effective in heavy clay soils with low infiltration rates, not sandy soils (S2 is incorrect).
59. The application of foreign materials (like silver iodide) to clouds to induce precipitation is called:
Explanation: Both terms are correct. Cloud seeding is the technical term for the process, and artificial rainmaking is the common name for the outcome.
60. Vertical mulching is a particularly useful practice in black cotton soils. Yes or No?
Explanation: Yes. Black cotton soils (Vertisols) are heavy clay soils with very low infiltration rates. Vertical mulching helps to break the impermeability and allows rainwater to penetrate deeper into the soil profile, making it a highly recommended practice.
61. Choose the incorrect conversion:
Explanation: One cusec stands for one cubic foot per second. This is equivalent to approximately 28.32 litres per second, not 30.2. All other conversions are correct.
62. Which instrument is used for measuring relative humidity?
Explanation: Both instruments measure humidity. A hygrometer is a general term for an instrument measuring humidity. A psychrometer is a specific type of hygrometer that uses a wet-bulb and a dry-bulb thermometer to determine relative humidity.
63. A groundnut crop is irrigated at an IW/CPE ratio of 0.5 with a 6 cm depth of irrigation (IW). What is the Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE) at the time of irrigation?
Explanation: The formula is IW/CPE = Ratio. Given IW = 6 cm and Ratio = 0.5. So, 6 cm / CPE = 0.5. Rearranging, CPE = 6 cm / 0.5 = 12 cm.
64. The Broadbed and Furrow (BBF) system is particularly suitable for managing rainwater in deep black soils. True or False?
Explanation: True. Deep black soils (Vertisols) have poor drainage. The Broadbed and Furrow (BBF) system, developed by ICRISAT, helps to safely drain excess water during the monsoon and store moisture in the bed for the post-monsoon crop.
65. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a "rainy day" is defined as a day with rainfall of:
Explanation: The IMD defines a rainy day as a 24-hour period (from 0830 hrs IST of a day to 0830 hrs IST of the next day) during which the rainfall recorded at a station is 2.5 mm or more.
66. Lux is an SI unit used to measure:
Explanation: Lux is the SI unit of illuminance, which measures the intensity of light that falls on a surface, weighted to the sensitivity of the human eye. While related to solar radiation, it specifically measures visible light.
67. A day with more than 5 mm of rainfall in 24 hours is defined as a:
Explanation: While a "rainy day" is ≥2.5 mm, a "crop rainy day" is often defined in agronomy as a day with rainfall of 5 mm or more, as this amount is considered effective for crop growth.
68. If the IMD issues a forecast for the entire monsoon season, what type of forecast is it?
Explanation: A forecast covering a period beyond 10 days, such as for a whole season like the monsoon, is classified as a long-range forecast.
69. Which of the following statements about albedo is incorrect?
Explanation: The albedo of most green crop surfaces is much higher than 2-3%. It typically ranges from 15% to 25%. Dark, wet soil has a low albedo (5-10%), while fresh snow has a very high albedo.
70. What is a major demerit of waterlogging in soil?
Explanation: Waterlogging creates anaerobic (oxygen-deficient) conditions. In this environment, anaerobic bacteria convert useful nitrate ($NO_3^−$) into nitrogen gas ($N_2$ or $N_2O$), which is lost to the atmosphere. This process is called denitrification. Oxygen diffusion rate is severely decreased, not increased.
71. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage. True or False?
Explanation: True. Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air could hold at that temperature, and it is always expressed as a percentage (%).
72. Which method is primarily used for short-range weather forecasting (up to 72 hours)?
Explanation: The Synoptic method is the traditional and primary method for short-range forecasting. It involves analyzing synoptic charts (weather maps) that show the state of the atmosphere over a wide area at a given time to predict its future movement and development.
73. To supplement agronomical practices, mechanical measures for soil conservation are adopted when the land slope is:
Explanation: Mechanical measures, such as contour bunding, graded bunding, and terracing, involve engineering structures and are necessary when the land slope is more than 2%, as agronomic measures alone become insufficient to control erosion.
74. The lower layer of the thermosphere, which reflects radio waves, is also known as the:
Explanation: The Ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, overlapping with the thermosphere, that is ionized by solar radiation. This layer is crucial for long-distance radio communication because it reflects radio waves back to Earth.
75. What is the approximate percentage of Argon in the Earth's atmosphere?
Explanation: The Earth's atmosphere is composed of approximately 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 0.93% Argon, making Argon the third most abundant gas. Carbon dioxide is about 0.04%.
76. In which layer of the atmosphere do all weather phenomena like clouds, mist, fog, and rain occur?
Explanation: The Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface up to about 8-18 km. It contains almost all of the atmosphere's water vapor, and therefore, it is where virtually all weather phenomena occur.
77. S1: The day-to-day state of the atmosphere is known as Climate. S2: The aggregate of weather conditions over a long period is called Weather.
Explanation: Both statements have the definitions reversed. Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere. Climate is the long-term average of weather conditions, typically over 30 years or more.
78. The value of the solar constant is approximately:
Explanation: The solar constant is the amount of solar energy received per unit area per unit time at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. Its value is approximately 1.94 calories per square centimeter per minute (which is equivalent to about 1367 Watts per square meter).
79. What are the recommended IW/CPE Ratios for Wheat & Rice, respectively?
Explanation: Rice has a higher water requirement than wheat. The generally recommended IW/CPE ratio for scheduling irrigation is 0.9 for Wheat and 1.2 for Rice under submerged conditions.
80. Choose the correct statement(s):
Explanation: All statements are correct definitions used in meteorology and agronomy. Absolute humidity is mass per volume, relative humidity is a percentage, and drizzle is defined by its small droplet size.
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Agronomy Set No.3
81. Choose the incorrect statement:
Explanation: The pF scale is the logarithm of the soil water tension expressed in cm of water. Therefore, a tension of 1000 cm is log(1000) = 3 pF, not 1 pF. A tension of 10 cm is 1 pF.
82. The agronomic practice of "propping" is most commonly associated with which crop?
Explanation: Propping refers to tying up plant stalks to prevent them from falling over (lodging). It is a major operation in sugarcane to support the tall canes and also in banana to support the heavy bunches. Given the options, both are correct, but it is a defining practice in sugarcane.
83. The ring basin method of irrigation is most suitable for:
Explanation: The ring basin method involves creating circular basins around the base of individual trees. This makes it an efficient and common method for irrigating trees in fruit orchards.
84. What is the typical Water Use Efficiency (kg/ha-mm) of Wheat & Rice, respectively?
Explanation: Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is the yield produced per unit of water consumed. Wheat, being a C3 plant grown in cooler conditions, is more efficient than rice. Typical values are around 12.6 kg/ha-mm for Wheat and 3.7 kg/ha-mm for Rice.
85. The pF value at the Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) is:
Explanation: The Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) corresponds to a soil moisture tension of -15 bars. The pF value is the log of this tension in cm of water (15 bars ≈ 15,300 cm). Log(15300) is approximately 4.18 or 4.2.
86. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) belongs to which plant family?
Explanation: Sweet potato is a member of the Convolvulaceae family, commonly known as the morning glory family.
87. What are the approximate oil and protein percentages in groundnut kernels?
Explanation: Groundnut is a major oilseed crop. Its kernels typically contain about 44-50% oil and are also a rich source of protein, with about 26% protein content.
88. One Cumec (cubic meter per second) is equivalent to:
Explanation: A cubic meter contains 1000 litres. Therefore, one cumec, which is a flow rate of one cubic meter per second, is equivalent to 1000 litres per second.
89. The total depth of water required by a crop during its entire growth period in the field is called:
Explanation: Delta (Δ) is the term used in irrigation engineering to denote the total depth of water (in cm or m) required by a crop over its entire life period (base period).
90. Which instrument is used for measuring the depth of the water table?
Explanation: A piezometer is a tube or device inserted into the ground to measure the depth of the groundwater table or the pressure of groundwater (piezometric head).
91. Which of these common cereal crops generally has the highest protein content?
Explanation: Among the major cereals, wheat typically has the highest protein content, ranging from 11-13%, due to its gluten proteins. Rice has the lowest protein content, usually around 6-7%.
92. S1: Tensiometers are sensitive up to 0.85 bars of soil moisture tension. S2: A gypsum block (Bouyoucos meter) measures soil moisture tension from 0 to -15 bars.
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Tensiometers work best in moist soils and are accurate up to about -0.85 bars. Gypsum blocks work by measuring electrical resistance and can measure moisture across a wider, drier range, typically up to the permanent wilting point (-15 bars).
93. What is the typical Water Use Efficiency (kg/ha-mm) of Finger Millet (Ragi)?
Explanation: Finger millet (Ragi) is known for being a very drought-tolerant and water-efficient crop. It has the highest water use efficiency among many cereals, with a typical value of 13.4 kg/ha-mm.
94. Which statement regarding the sprinkler irrigation system is incorrect?
Explanation: To avoid runoff and puddling, the water application rate of a sprinkler system should always be less than or equal to the basic infiltration rate of the soil. If the application rate is higher, water will run off the surface instead of soaking in.
95. According to the FAO, which of the following crops is relatively less sensitive to water stress?
Explanation: While all crops need water, cotton has a deep taproot system that allows it to extract moisture from deeper soil layers, making it relatively more tolerant to periods of water stress compared to crops like maize or sugarcane. Sorghum is also very tolerant, but cotton is often cited as less sensitive in many classifications.
96. Infiltration, the process of water entering the soil, occurs in:
Explanation: Infiltration is defined as the entry of water into the soil surface from outside. This process happens when the soil is unsaturated. Once the soil becomes saturated, any further downward movement of water is called percolation.
97. Cotton and Bhindi (Okra) belong to which plant family?
Explanation: Both cotton (Gossypium spp.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are members of the Malvaceae family, also known as the mallow family.
98. Choose the incorrect crop-operation pair:
Explanation: Propping is the practice of supporting plants to prevent lodging. It is done in sugarcane and banana, but not in jute. Trashing (stripping dry leaves) and wrapping are done in sugarcane, and curing is done in tobacco and tea.
99. Covering soils with crop residue, straw, or plastic film to conserve moisture is known as:
Explanation: Mulching is the practice of covering the soil surface with a layer of material (organic or synthetic) to conserve moisture, control weeds, and moderate soil temperature.
100. Choose the incorrect statement:
Explanation: A gypsum block (electrical resistance block) works by measuring the electrical conductivity between two electrodes. In saline soils, the salts increase the conductivity of the soil water, giving false (too wet) readings. Therefore, it is not suitable for saline soils.
101. The movement of water into the soil that occurs when the soil is unsaturated is called:
Explanation: Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It occurs in unsaturated conditions. Once the soil is saturated, the downward movement of water through the soil profile is called percolation.
102. Nipping (or tipping) in chickpea is done primarily to:
Explanation: Nipping is the removal of the apical bud of the young chickpea plant. This breaks the apical dominance and encourages the growth of lateral buds, leading to more branching, more flowers, and ultimately, more pods and higher yield.
103. Choose the incorrect statement:
Explanation: The "Typhoon system" is a type of low-cost drip irrigation system. While drip irrigation can be used for sugarcane, it is not a standard named system like this. All other statements are correct practices for their respective conditions.
104. S1: Sprinkler irrigation is suitable for undulating topography. S2: It is highly suitable for coarse-textured (sandy) soils. Which statement is correct?
Explanation: Both statements are correct. Sprinkler irrigation does not require land leveling, making it ideal for undulating topography. It is also highly suitable for sandy soils which have high infiltration rates, as it prevents the deep percolation losses common with flood irrigation.
105. What is soil moisture equivalent?
Explanation: Soil moisture equivalent is a laboratory measure that approximates the field capacity of a soil. It is defined as the percentage of water retained by a soil sample after being centrifuged at a force 1000 times that of gravity.
106. Choose the incorrect statement about soil water:
Explanation: Superfluous or gravitational water is the water that drains from the macropores under the force of gravity. It is held at very low tensions, typically between 0 (saturation) and -1/3 bars (Field Capacity). The term "superavailable" is not standard.
107. Which of the following is a direct method of measuring soil moisture content?
Explanation: The gravimetric method is a direct method. It involves weighing a moist soil sample, drying it in an oven, and weighing it again to determine the mass of water lost. Tensiometers and gypsum blocks are indirect methods that measure soil moisture tension, which is then correlated to moisture content.
108. The horizontal or lateral movement of water from an irrigation channel into the adjoining land is known as:
Explanation: Seepage is the term for the slow, lateral movement of water through the banks and bed of a canal or water body into the surrounding soil. It is a major source of water loss in unlined canals.
109. What is the lower limit of available soil moisture for plants?
Explanation: The Permanent Wilting Point (PWP) is the point at which the soil moisture tension is so high (-15 bars) that plant roots can no longer extract water, and the plant wilts permanently, even if placed in a humid atmosphere. This defines the lower limit of plant-available water.
110. S1: At PWP, plants cannot absorb water. S2: At PWP, the plant dies immediately. Which statement is correct?
Explanation: At the Permanent Wilting Point (PWP), the plant can no longer extract sufficient water to meet its needs and wilts permanently (S1 is correct). However, the plant does not die immediately; it may survive for some time in a wilted state before eventually dying if water is not supplied (S2 is incorrect).
111. Which of the following crops has the highest Water Use Efficiency (WUE)?
Explanation: Among common cereals, C4 plants are generally more water-efficient than C3 plants. Among the given options, Finger Millet (Ragi) is renowned for its exceptional drought tolerance and has the highest WUE (approx. 13.4 kg/ha-mm).
112. A Venturi flume is also known as a:
Explanation: A Parshall flume is a specific, improved type of Venturi flume used to measure the flow rate of water in open channels. It is widely used in irrigation systems.
113. Choose the incorrect statement regarding drip irrigation:
Explanation: The typical discharge rate for a single dripper is very low, usually in the range of 1 to 8 litres per hour, not 20. The operating pressure is also typically lower, around 1 to 2.5 kg/cm².
114. Which of the following statements about furrow irrigation is incorrect?
Explanation: In sandy soils, water infiltrates vertically very quickly. To encourage lateral spread of water to the crop roots, deeper, V-shaped furrows are recommended, as opposed to shallow, U-shaped furrows which are better for clay soils.
115. The downward movement of water through saturated soil is called _____, and the downward movement of nutrients with that water is called _____.
Explanation: Percolation is the downward movement of water through a saturated soil profile. Leaching is the process by which soluble substances, such as nutrients and salts, are washed out from the soil by percolating water.
116. S1: Furrow irrigation is suitable for coarse sandy soils. S2: It is suitable for closely spaced row crops. Which statement is correct?
Explanation: Both statements are incorrect. Furrow irrigation is generally unsuitable for coarse sandy soils due to very high percolation losses (S1 is incorrect). It is also unsuitable for closely spaced crops where making furrows is not practical; it is best for widely spaced row crops like maize or cotton (S2 is incorrect).
117. Which of the following is an automated, high-frequency surface irrigation method?
Explanation: Cablegation is an automated surface irrigation system where a plug, attached to a cable, moves slowly down a gated pipe, sequentially opening gates to irrigate furrows. Surge irrigation involves intermittent application but is not fully automated in the same way.
118. Which is the ideal soil type for cotton cultivation?
Explanation: Cotton grows best in deep, well-drained soils. The black cotton soils (Vertisols) of the Deccan Plateau in India are particularly famous and ideal for cotton cultivation due to their high water-holding capacity and nutrient status.
119. What is the optimum temperature range for wheat germination?
Explanation: While wheat is a cool-season crop, the optimal temperature for rapid and uniform germination is in the range of 20-25°C. Temperatures below this range will slow germination.
120. Which of the following irrigation methods is most suitable for water-scarce regions?
Explanation: Drip irrigation is the most water-efficient method, with efficiencies reaching 90-95%. It delivers water slowly and directly to the plant's root zone, minimizing losses from evaporation and runoff, making it ideal for water-scarce areas.
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